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The polder model is a term that was first used to describe the acclaimed Dutch version of consensus-based economic and social policy making, specifically in the 1980s and 1990s.〔Ewoud Sanders, Woorden met een verhaal (Amsterdam / Rotterdam, 2004), 104–106.〕〔Stijn Kuipers, Het begin van het moderne Nederlandse poldermodel; De Hoge Raad van Arbeid van 1920 als eerste manifestatie van het Nederlandse tripartiete sociaaleconomische overlegmodel? (Nijmegen, 2015), 3.〕 The term quickly took on a wider meaning, to denote similar cases of consensus decision-making in the Dutch fashion. It is described with phrases like "a pragmatic recognition of pluriformity" and "cooperation despite differences". It is thought that the Dutch politician Ina Brouwer was the first to use the term 'poldermodel', more specifically in her 1990 article ''Het socialisme als poldermodel?'' ('Socialism as polder model?'), although it is uncertain whether she coined the term or simply seems to have been the first to write it down.〔Ewoud Sanders, Woorden met een verhaal (Amsterdam / Rotterdam, 2004), 104–106.〕 ==Socioeconomic polder model== The Dutch polder model is characterised by the tri-partite cooperation between employers' organizations such as VNO-NCW, labour unions such as the Federation Dutch Labour Movement, and the government. These talks are embodied in the Social Economic Council ((オランダ語:Sociaal-Economische Raad), SER). The SER serves as the central forum to discuss labour issues and has a long tradition of consensus, often defusing labour conflicts and avoiding strikes. Similar models are in use in Finland, namely Comprehensive Income Policy Agreement and universal validity of collective labour agreements. The current polder model is said to have begun with the Wassenaar Accords of 1982 when unions, employers, and government decided on a comprehensive plan to revitalise the economy involving shorter working times and less pay on the one hand, and more employment on the other. This polder model, combined with a neoliberal economic policy of privatisation and budget cuts has been held to be responsible for the Dutch economic miracle of the late 1990s.〔Elke van Riel, ‘Akkoord van Wassenaar keerpunt in relatie regering en sociale partners’, SER Magazine, 2010 <(http://www.ser.nl/nl/publicaties/overzicht ser bulletin/2010/september_2010/06.aspx )> (versie 9) (25 februari 2015 ).〕 An important role in this process was played by the Dutch Central Planning Bureau (CPB), originally founded by Jan Tinbergen. The CPB's policy advice since 1976, in particular with the Den Hartog and Tjan model, in favour of wage restraint, was an important argument, supportive for government and employers, that the unions could not easily counter. Many authors and researchers however have argued that the Wassenaar Agreement has been largely overrated.〔Agnes Akkerman, ‘“Zo historisch was het Akkoord van Wassenaar niet”’, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 2007 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Polder model」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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